Jicarilla language

Jicarilla
Abáachi mizaa
Spoken in USA
Region New Mexico
Native speakers 812  (1990)
Language family
Language codes
ISO 639-3 apj

Jicarilla (Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi mizaa) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.

Contents

Phonology

Consonants

Jicarilla has 34 consonants:

   Bilabial  Alveolar  Palatal  Velar  Glottal 
  central lateral   plain labial  
Stop voiced   d          
unaspirated p t     k ʔ
aspirated       kʷʰ  
ejective          
Affricate unaspirated   ts      
aspirated   tsʰ tɬʰ tʃʰ      
ejective   tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ      
Nasal   m n          
Fricative voiceless   s ɬ ʃ x h
voiced   z   ʒ ɣ ɣʷ  
Approximant       l j      

Aspirated Stops

The consonant /t ʰ/, occurring in most other Athabaskan languages, only occurs alone in a few forms in Jicarilla and has mostly merged with /k ʰ/. This consequently has made most of the aspirated stops in Jicarilla velar.[1]

Fricatives and Approximants

Nasals

Syllabic /n/ in Jicarilla

The consonant /n/ can appear as a syllable and bear a high or low tone, but not a falling tone.[5] High-toned /ń/ actually represents an underlying syllable, /nÍ/.[6] There are four possible contours for Vowel-/n/ and /n/-/n/ combinations: Low-high, High-low, High-high, and Low-low. The contours are illustrated in the following table [7]:

Contour Vowel-/n/ Combination Gloss /n/-/n/ Combination Gloss
Low-High ‘’héenkés’’ ’What time is it?’ ‘‘Nńde’’ ’stand up’
High-low ‘’Ánł’íí’’ ’You (sg.) are doing something, trying’ ‘’ńnshé’’ ’You sheared it’
High-high ‘‘’igo’áń’’ ’hole’ ‘’Ha’ńń’’ ’whoever’
Low-low ‘’‘ágonlaa’’ ’You (sg.) made something’ ‘’Bił nnzíí’’ ’You got sleepy’

(Modified from Tuttle & Sandoval 2002, p. 109)

/n/ may occur between /t/, /ʔ/, or /n/ and any stem-initial consonant, but when /n/ occurs alone before a stem-initial consonant, it forms a syllable of its own.[8] When preceded by another prefix consonant, /n/ may or may not be judged to form a syllable by native speakers of Jicarilla.[9]

Vowels

Jicarilla has 16 vowels:

  Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close oral i (ɪ)        
nasal ĩ (ɪ̃) ĩː (ɪ̃ː)        
Close-mid oral e       o (ʊ)
nasal ẽː     õ õː
Open oral     a (ə)    
nasal     ã ãː    

All vowels may be

The long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ([iː] vs. [ɪ, ɪ̃, ɪ̃ː]). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ʊ] vs. [oː, õ, õː]). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ə] vs. [aː, ã, ãː]).

Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.

Tone

Jicarilla has three different tones: high, low, and falling.

High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.

Syllables in Jicarilla

Syllable Structure

Syllables may be constructed as CV, CVC, or CV:C (C – Consonant; V – Vowel) depending on the morphology of a sequence. Onset may be any consonant, but coda consonants are limited to /ʔ/, /l/, /ɬ/, /ʃ/, /h/, /s/and /n/.[11]

Syllable Duration

A study of the durational effects of Jicarilla Apache show that morphology and prosody both affect and determine the durational realization of consonants and syllables.[12] It was found that in a recording of a passage read by native speakers stem, suffix, and particle syllables were found to be longer than prefix syllables, but there is not enough a distinction to see difference in duration.[13] Syllables at the end of phrases were lengthened differently than syllables lengthened because of stress; this is in regards to a ratio of onset lengthening to rhyme lengthening.[14] This study was only a beginning to analysis of Apachean language prosody.[15]

Morphophonology

The Athabaskan morphophonological process known as the "d-effect" occurs when 1st pl/dual iid- is prefixed to a verb stem. The following examples are taken from Phone, Olson and Martinez 2007: 39:

-iid-	+ classifier [ƚ] → [ƚ]		
ex. ‘óoƚkai’(</’o-iid-ƚ-kai’/) ‘we two count it’

-iid- + stem initial [ʔ] → [t’]		
ex. hit’aaƚ(</hi-iid-‘aaƚ/) 'we two chew it’

-iid- + stem initial [m] → [h]		
ex. hiihmas(</hi-iid-mas/) ‘we two are rolling’

-iid-	+ stem initial [n] → [h]	
ex. goohndé (</go-iid-ndé/) 'we two shout’

-iid-	+ stem initial [y] → [d], [dz]		
ex. hiidá (</hi-iid-yá/) ‘we two eat it’

-iid-	+ stem initial gh [ɣ] → [g]		
ex. hiigá (</hi-iid-ghá/) ‘we two kill them’

-iid-	+ stem initial [z] → [dz]	
ex. naa’iidzii(</naa-í-iid-zii/) 'we two work’

-iid-	+ stem initial [l] → [tƚ]		
ex. haatƚee (</ha-iid-lee/) ‘we two pull it out with a rope’

-iid-	+ other consonant → ø (zero)	
ex. hiiká'	(</hi-iid-ká’/) ‘we two pound (a drum)’

Morphology

The verb template

Sample text

Excerpt from Wilson & Martine (1996: 125-126)
Abáchii miizaa English Translation
Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí.... My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I had two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I have many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio....

Jicarilla Words of Spanish Origin

The Jicarilla people have been in contact with Spanish-speaking and English-speaking peoples for a long time and have over time adopted loanwords that have influenced Jicarilla phonology.[16] Most of the sounds used to take in a loanword from Spanish are sounds in Jicarilla. Some sounds not occurring in Jicarilla phonology are changed into Jicarilla as follows:

*Or /l/ as in ‘’béela’’ (from ‘pera’ ‘pear’)

*Or /ʔ/ as in ‘’ga’ée’’ (from ‘café’ ‘coffee’) *Or /k/ as in ‘’kéesda’’ (from ‘fiesta’ ‘party’)

Words of Spanish origin using /p/ in Jicarilla are the only instances where the /p/ or any other labial obstruent did not descend from a sonorant.

‘’Báayoo’’ (from ‘paño’ ‘scarf’)

‘’Bíił’’ (from ‘automóvil’ ‘automobile’)

‘’Bołdóon’’ (from ‘bulto’ ‘small haystack’)

‘’Gołjóon’’ (from ‘colchón’ ‘mattress’)

(Observations from entries in Pono, et al., p. 9-16)

References

  1. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.106
  2. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.108
  3. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.108
  4. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.108
  5. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.109
  6. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.109
  7. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.109
  8. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.110
  9. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p. 110
  10. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p. 108
  11. ^ Tuttle & Sandoval, 2002, p.110
  12. ^ Tuttle, 2005, p. 342
  13. ^ Tuttle, 2005, p. 342
  14. ^ Tuttle, 2005, p. 342
  15. ^ Tuttle, 2005, p. 342
  16. ^ Pono, Vincenti, & Phone, 1976, p.9-16

Bibliography

Links